1. Whakamahia te whakarōpūtanga

E ai ki ngā āhuatanga whakamahinga rerekē o ngā kirihou rerekē, ka wehea ngā kirihou kia toru ngā momo: ngā kirihou whānui, ngā kirihou hangarau me ngā kirihou motuhake.

①Kirihiko whānui

Ko te tikanga whānui, e pā ana ki ngā kirihou he nui te putanga, he whānui te whakamahinga, he pai te hanga, ā, he iti te utu. E rima ngā momo kirihou whānui, arā, ko te polyethylene (PE), te polypropylene (PP), te polyvinyl chloride (PVC), te polystyrene (PS) me te acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS). Ko ēnei momo kirihou e rima te nuinga o ngā rauemi mata kirihou, ā, ko ētahi atu ka taea te whakarōpū ki ngā momo kirihou motuhake, pērā i: PPS, PPO, PA, PC, POM, me ētahi atu. He iti noa te whakamahinga i roto i ngā hua o ia rā, ko te nuinga ka whakamahia ki ngā mara teitei pērā i te umanga miihini me te hangarau tiaki whenua, pērā i ngā motuka, te rererangi, te hanga, me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. E ai ki tōna whakarōpūtanga kirihou, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā kirihou ki ngā kirihou wera me ngā kirihou whakatakoto wera. I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, ka taea te hangarua i ngā hua kirihou wera, engari kāore e taea e ngā kirihou whakatakoto wera. E ai ki ngā āhuatanga whatu o ngā kirihou, ka taea te wehewehe i ēnei ki ngā rauemi mata mārama, ngā rauemi mārama, me ngā rauemi mata koretake, pērā i te PS, PMMA, AS, PC, me ētahi atu, he kirihou mārama ēnei. Ā, ko te nuinga o ngā kirihou he kirihou koretake.

Ngā āhuatanga me ngā whakamahinga o ngā kirihou e whakamahia whānuitia ana:

1. Polyethylene:

Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā polyethylene e whakamahia whānuitia ana ki te polyethylene iti te matotoru (LDPE), te polyethylene teitei te matotoru (HDPE) me te polyethylene iti te matotoru raina (LLDPE). I roto i ēnei e toru, he pai ake ngā āhuatanga wera, hiko me te miihini o te HDPE, ko te LDPE me te LLDPE ia he pai ake te ngāwari, ngā āhuatanga pānga, ngā āhuatanga hanga kiriata, me ētahi atu. Ko te LDPE me te LLDPE e whakamahia nuitia ana i roto i ngā kiriata takai, ngā kiriata ahuwhenua, te whakarerekētanga kirihou, me ētahi atu, ko te HDPE ia he whānuitia ngā tono, pērā i ngā kiriata, ngā paipa, me ngā mea e hiahiatia ana i ia rā mō te werohanga.

2. Pōroporopīne:

I te whakataurite, he maha atu ngā momo polypropylene, he uaua ake ngā whakamahinga, ā, he whānuitia ngā mara mahi. Ko ngā momo matua ko te polypropylene homopolymer (homopp), te polypropylene poraka copolymer (copp) me te polypropylene matapōkere copolymer (rapp). E ai ki te tono, ko te homopolymerization te mea e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā mara o te kukume waea, te muka, te werohanga, te kiriata BOPP, me ētahi atu. Ko te copolymer polypropylene e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taputapu whare, ngā wāhanga werohanga, ngā rauemi mata kua whakarerekētia, ngā hua werohanga o ia rā, ngā paipa, me ētahi atu, ā, ko te polypropylene matapōkere e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā Hua mārama, ngā hua mahi-teitei, ngā paipa mahi-teitei, me ētahi atu.

3. Pūhaumāota Polyvinyl:

Nā te iti o te utu me ōna āhuatanga ātete-mura, he whānuitia ōna whakamahinga i roto i te ao hanga, inā koa mō ngā paipa waikeri, ngā tatau me ngā matapihi maitai kirihou, ngā pereti, ngā hiako horihori, me ētahi atu.

4. Porotireini:

Hei momo rauemi mata mārama, ina hiahiatia he māramatanga, he whānuitia ōna whakamahinga, pērā i ngā ārai rama waka, ngā wāhanga mārama o ia rā, ngā kapu mārama, ngā kēne, me ētahi atu.

5. ABS:

He kirihou hangarau maha ngā whakamahinga, he tino pai ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, ā-mahana hoki. He whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā taputapu whare, ngā panera, ngā kopare kanohi, ngā huihuinga, ngā taputapu tāpiri, me ētahi atu, inā koa ngā taputapu whare, pērā i ngā mīhini horoi, ngā hauhautanga, ngā pouaka whakamātao, ngā pā hiko, me ētahi atu. He tino rahi, ā, he whānuitia ngā whakamahinga mō te whakarerekētanga kirihou.

②Ngā kirihou hangarau

Ko te tikanga whānui ko ngā kirihou ka taea te tu atu i tētahi kaha o waho, he pai ngā āhuatanga miihini, he ātete ki te pāmahana teitei me te iti, ā, he pai te pumau o ngā āhuatanga, ā, ka taea te whakamahi hei hanganga miihini, pērā i te polyamide me te polysulfone. I roto i ngā kirihou miihini, ka wehea kia rua ngā wāhanga: ngā kirihou miihini whānui me ngā kirihou miihini motuhake. Ka taea e ngā kirihou miihini te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga teitei ake e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga miihini, te roa, te ātete ki te waikura, me te ātete ki te wera, ā, he watea ake ki te tukatuka, ā, ka taea te whakakapi i ngā rauemi whakarewa. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā kirihou miihini i roto i ngā ahumahi hiko me te hikohiko, te motuka, te hanga, ngā taputapu tari, te mīhini, te rererangi me ētahi atu ahumahi. Kua noho te whakakapinga o te maitai ki te kirihou me te rakau ki te kirihou hei ia o te ao.

Ko ngā kirihou hangarau whānui ko: te polyamide, te polyoxymethylene, te polycarbonate, te polyphenylene ether whakarerekētia, te polyester thermoplastic, te polyethylene taumaha ngota tino teitei, te polymer methylpentene, te copolymer waipiro vinyl, me ētahi atu.

Ka wehea ngā kirihou hangarau motuhake ki ngā momo honohono-whiti me ngā momo kore-whiti. Ko ngā momo honohono-whiti ko: polyamino bismaleamide, polytriazine, polyimide honohono-whiti, kapia epoxy ātete-wera me ētahi atu. Ko ngā momo kore-whiti ko: polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyimide, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) me ētahi atu.

③Kirihiko motuhake

Ko te tikanga, e pā ana ki ngā kirihou he mahi motuhake ā rātou, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i ngā mahi motuhake pēnei i te rererangi me te ātea. Hei tauira, he tino ātete ki te pāmahana teitei, he whakahinuhinu-ake, me ētahi atu mahi motuhake ngā kirihou fluoro me ngā silicone, ā, he āhuatanga motuhake ngā kirihou whakapakari me ngā kirihou pahuka pēnei i te kaha teitei me te urunga teitei. Kei roto ēnei kirihou i te kāwai o ngā kirihou motuhake.

a. Kirihou whakapakari:

Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā rauemi mata kirihou whakapakari ki ngā kirikiri (pērā i te kirihou konupūmā), te muka (pērā i te muka karāhe, i te kirihou kakahu karāhe rānei), me te kirikiri (pērā i te kirihou whakapakari mika) te āhua. E ai ki te rauemi, ka taea te wehewehe ki ngā kirihou whakapakari kakahu (pērā i te kirihou whakapakari rag, i te kirihou whakapakari asbestos rānei), ngā kirihou whakakī kohuke kore-waro (pērā i te kirihou whakakī quartz, mika rānei), me ngā kirihou whakapakari muka (pērā i te kirihou whakapakari muka waro).

b. Pahuka:

E toru ngā momo o ngā kirihou pahuka: he pahuka pakari, he pahuka āhua-pakari, me he pahuka ngāwari. Kāore he ngāwari o te pahuka pakari, ā, he tino nui tōna pakeketanga pēhi. Ka rerekē tōna āhua ina tae ki tētahi uara ahotea, ā, kāore e taea te hoki ki tōna āhua taketake i muri i te whakamāmā i te ahotea. He ngāwari te pahuka ngāwari, he iti te pakeketanga pēhi, ā, he ngāwari te rerekē. Ina whakahokia te āhua taketake, he iti te rerekētanga toenga; ko te ngāwaritanga me ētahi atu āhuatanga o te pahuka āhua-pakari kei waenganui i ngā pahuka pakari me ngā pahuka ngohengohe.

Tuarua, te whakarōpūtanga ā-tinana me te matū

E ai ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me ngā āhuatanga matū o ngā kirihou rerekē, e rua ngā momo kirihou: ngā kirihou whakamahana me ngā kirihou whakamahana.

(1) Te kirihou wera

Ngā kirihou wera (Pīhou Thermo): e pā ana ki ngā kirihou ka rewa i muri i te whakamahana, ka rere ki roto i te pokepokea ai i muri i te whakamatao, kātahi ka rewa i muri i te whakamahana; ka taea te whakamahi i te whakamahana me te whakamatao hei whakaputa i ngā huringa hurihuri (wai ←→totoka), āe Ko te mea e kiia nei ko te huringa ā-tinana. Ko ngā kirihou wera whānui he pāmahana whakamahi tonu i raro i te 100°C. Ko te polyethylene, te polyvinyl chloride, te polypropylene, me te polystyrene e kiia ana ko ngā kirihou whānui e whā. Ka wehea ngā kirihou wera ki ngā hauwaiwai, ngā vinyl me ngā ira porowhita, te hangarau, te cellulose me ētahi atu momo. Ka ngawari ina whakamahanahia, ka pakeke ina whakamataohia. Ka taea te whakangawari me te whakapakeke i ngā wā maha me te pupuri i tētahi āhua. Ka wairewa i roto i ētahi whakarewa, ā, he āhuatanga tōna ka taea te rewa me te wairewa. He pai te whakamarumaru hiko o ngā kirihou wera, inā koa ko te polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), te polystyrene (PS), te polyethylene (PE), te polypropylene (PP) he tino iti te pumau dielectric me te mate dielectric. Mō ngā rauemi whakamarumaru auau teitei me te ngaohiko teitei. He ngawari te pokepoke me te tukatuka i ngā kirihou wera, engari he iti te ātete wera me te ngawari ki te ngokingoki. Ka rerekē te nui o te ngoki i runga i te kawenga, te pāmahana taiao, te whakarewa, me te haumākū. Hei whakakore i ēnei ngoikoretanga o ngā kirihou wera me te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o ngā tono i roto i ngā mara o te hangarau ātea me te whanaketanga pūngao hou, kei te whakawhanake ngā whenua katoa i ngā kapia ātete-wera ka taea te whakarewa, pērā i te polyether ether ketone (PEEK) me te polyether sulfone (PES). , Polyarylsulfone (PASU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), me ētahi atu. Ko ngā rauemi hiato e whakamahi ana i a rātou hei kapia matrix he nui ake ngā āhuatanga miihini me te ātete matū, ka taea te hanga wera me te whakarewa, ā, he pai ake te kaha kutikuti interlaminar i ngā kapia epoxy. Hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i te polyether ether ketone hei kapia matrix me te muka waro hei hanga rauemi hiato, ka nui ake te ātete ngenge i te muka epoxy/waro. He pai te ātete pānga, he pai te ātete ngoki i te pāmahana rūma, ā, he pai te tukatuka. Ka taea te whakamahi tonu i te 240-270°C. He rauemi whakamarumaru pāmahana teitei tino pai. He kaha, he mārō hoki te rauemi hiato i hangaia mai i te polyethersulfone hei kapia matrix me te muka waro i te 200°C, ā, ka taea te pupuri i te ātete pānga pai i te -100°C; kāore e paitini, kāore e mura, he iti noa te paoa, ā, he ātete ki te irahiko. Āe, e whakaarohia ana kia whakamahia hei wāhanga matua o tētahi waka rererangi, ā, ka taea hoki te hanga hei radome, me ētahi atu.

Ko ngā kirihou honohono-formaldehyde ko ngā kirihou phenolic, ngā kirihou amino (pērā i te urea-formaldehyde-melamine-formaldehyde, me ētahi atu). Ko ētahi atu kirihou honohono-whakawhiti ko ngā polyesters kāore i te mākū, ngā kapia epoxy, me ngā kapia phthalic diallyl.

(2) Kirihou whakamahana

Ko ngā kirihou whakamahana-whakatakoto e pā ana ki ngā kirihou ka taea te whakamatao i raro i te wera, i ētahi atu āhuatanga rānei, he āhuatanga kore-rewa (rewa) rānei, pērā i ngā kirihou phenolic, ngā kirihou epoxy, me ētahi atu. Ka wehea ngā kirihou whakamahana-whakatakoto ki te momo formaldehyde whakawhiti-hono me ētahi atu momo whakawhiti-hono. I muri i te tukatuka wera me te hanga, ka hangaia he hua whakamahana ka taea te whakauru me te kore-rewa, ā, ka whakawhitihia ngā ngota kapia ki roto i te hanganga whatunga e te hanganga raina. Ka pirau, ka whakangaro hoki te wera nui ake. Ko ngā kirihou whakamahana-whakatakoto noa ko te phenolic, te epoxy, te amino, te polyester kore-mākū, te furan, te polysiloxane me ētahi atu rauemi, tae atu ki ngā kirihou polydipropylene phthalate hou. He pai ki a rātou te ātete wera nui me te ātete ki te whakarerekētanga ina werahia. Ko te ngoikoretanga ko te kaha miihini kāore i te teitei, engari ka taea te whakapai ake i te kaha miihini mā te tāpiri i ngā whakakī hei hanga rauemi whakakikoruatia, rauemi whakarewa rānei.

Ko ngā kirihou whakamahana i hangaia mai i te kapia phenolic hei rauemi mata matua, pērā i te kirihou whakarewa phenolic (e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te Bakelite), he pakari, he pumau te rahi, ā, he ātete ki ētahi atu matū engari ko ngā kawakore kaha. Ka taea te tāpiri i ngā momo whakakī me ngā tāpiringa kia rite ki ngā whakamahinga me ngā whakaritenga rerekē. Mō ngā momo e hiahia ana ki te mahi whakamahana teitei, ka taea te whakamahi i te muka mika, te muka karāhe rānei hei whakakī; mō ngā momo e hiahia ana ki te ātete wera, ka taea te whakamahi i te asbestos, i ētahi atu whakakī ātete wera rānei; mō ngā momo e hiahia ana ki te ātete rū whenua, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā muka, i te rapa rānei e tika ana hei whakakī. Me ētahi atu kaihoko whakapakari hei hanga rauemi pakari teitei. Hei tāpiri, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i ngā kapia phenolic kua whakarerekētia pērā i te aniline, te epoxy, te polyvinyl chloride, te polyamide, me te polyvinyl acetal hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o ngā tono rerekē. Ka taea hoki te whakamahi i ngā kapia phenolic hei hanga i ngā laminates phenolic, e tohuhia ana e te kaha miihini teitei, ngā āhuatanga hiko pai, te ātete waikura, me te tukatuka ngāwari. He whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā taputapu hiko iti-ngaohiko.

Kei roto i ngā Aminoplasts te urea formaldehyde, te melamine formaldehyde, te urea melamine formaldehyde me ētahi atu. He pai ki a rātou te kakano mārō, te ātete ki te rakuraku, te kore tae, te mārama, me ētahi atu. Mā te tāpiri i ngā rauemi tae ka taea te hanga hua tae, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te jade hiko. Nā te mea he ātete ki te hinu, ā, kāore e pāngia e ngā kawakore ngoikore me ngā whakarewa waro (engari kāore e ātete ki te waikawa), ka taea te whakamahi i te 70°C mō te wā roa, ā, ka taea te tu atu i te 110 ki te 120°C i te wā poto, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i ngā hua hiko. He nui ake te mārō o te kirihou Melamine-formaldehyde i te kirihou urea-formaldehyde, ā, he pai ake te ātete ki te wai, te ātete ki te wera, me te ātete ki te pewa. Ka taea te whakamahi hei rauemi ārai ātete ki te pewa.

He maha ngā momo kirihou whakamahana e hangaia ana me te kapia epoxy hei rauemi matua, ā, e 90% o ēnei he kapia epoxy bisphenol A. He tino pai te piri, he ārai hiko, he ātete ki te wera me te pumau matū, he iti te mimiti me te mimiti wai, ā, he kaha miihini pai.

Ka taea te hanga i te polyester kore-mākū me te kapia epoxy hei FRP, he tino kaha ā-mīhini. Hei tauira, he pai ngā āhuatanga ā-mīhini o te kirihou kua whakapakarihia ki te muka karāhe i hangaia mai i te polyester kore-mākū, ā, he iti te mātotoru (1/5 ki ​​te 1/4 noa iho o te maitai, 1/2 o te konumohe), ā, he ngāwari ki te tukatuka hei wāhanga hiko. He pai ake ngā āhuatanga hiko me te ā-mīhini o ngā kirihou i hangaia mai i te kapia dipropylene phthalate i ērā o ngā kirihou phenolic me te amino thermosetting. He iti te hygroscopicity, he pumau te rahi o te hua, he pai te mahi hanga, he ātete ki te waikawa me te kawakore, he wai kohua me ētahi whakarewa waro. He pai te matū hanga mō te hanga wāhanga he hanganga uaua, he ātete ki te pāmahana me te whakamarumaru teitei. I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te whakamahi mō te wā roa i roto i te awhe pāmahana -60～180℃, ā, ka taea e te taumata ātete wera te eke ki te taumata F ki te H, he teitei ake i te ātete wera o ngā kirihou phenolic me te amino.

Ko ngā kirihou silicone i roto i te āhua o te hanganga polysiloxane e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā hikohiko me ngā hangarau hiko. Ko ngā kirihou silicone kua whakakikoruatia te nuinga ka whakapakaritia ki te kakahu karāhe; ko ngā kirihou silicone kua whakakīia ki te muka karāhe me te asbestos, e whakamahia ana hei hanga i ngā wāhanga e ātete ana ki te pāmahana teitei, te auau teitei, ngā motuka ruku rānei, ngā taputapu hiko, me ngā taputapu hiko. Ko tēnei momo kirihou he iti te pūmau dielectric me te uara tgδ, ā, he iti ake te pānga o te auau. Ka whakamahia i roto i ngā ahumahi hiko me te hikohiko hei ātete i te korona me ngā pewa. Ahakoa ka pirau te tukunga, ko te hua he silicon dioxide hei utu mō te pango waro kawe. . He tino ātete wera tēnei momo rauemi, ā, ka taea te whakamahi tonu i te 250°C. Ko ngā ngoikoretanga matua o te polysilicone ko te iti o te kaha miihini, te iti o te piri me te ngoikore o te ātete hinu. He maha ngā polymer silicone kua whakarerekētia kua whakawhanakehia, pērā i te polyester silicone kua whakarerekētia, ā, kua whakamahia ki roto i te hangarau hiko. Ko ētahi kirihou he kirihou thermoplastic me te thermosetting. Hei tauira, ko te polyvinyl chloride he thermoplastic. Kua whakawhanakehia e Hapani tētahi momo hou o te polyvinyl chloride wai he thermoset, ā, ko te pāmahana whakapūtanga he 60 ki te 140°C. He kirihou e kiia nei ko Lundex i te Hononga o Amerika, ā, he āhuatanga tukatuka thermoplastic me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana anō hoki o ngā kirihou thermoset.

① Kirihou hauwaiwaro.

He kirihou kore-poro, e wehea ana ki te tioata me te kore-kite. Kei roto i ngā kirihou hauwaiwai tioata te polyethylene, te polypropylene, me ētahi atu, ā, kei roto i ngā kirihou hauwaiwai kore-kite te polystyrene, me ētahi atu.

②Kirihou vinyl kei roto ngā ira porowhita.

Haunga ngā kirihou fluoro, ko te nuinga o ēnei he tinana mārama kore-kiriata, tae atu ki te polyvinyl chloride, te polytetrafluoroethylene, te polyvinyl acetate, me ētahi atu. Ko te nuinga o ngā monomer vinyl ka taea te whakakotahi ki ngā whakakorikori rauropi.

③Ngā kirihou hangarau werawera.

Ko te nuinga o ngā mea ko te polyoxymethylene, te polyamide, te polycarbonate, te ABS, te polyphenylene ether, te polyethylene terephthalate, te polysulfone, te polyethersulfone, te polyimide, te polyphenylene sulfide, me ētahi atu. Kei roto hoki i tēnei awhe te Polytetrafluoroethylene me te Polypropylene kua whakarerekētia.

④ Ngā kirihou cellulose thermoplastic.

Kei roto i te nuinga o te wā ko te cellulose acetate, te cellulose acetate butyrate, te cellophane, te cellophane me ētahi atu.

Ka taea e tātou te whakamahi i ngā rauemi kirihou katoa o runga ake nei.
I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, ka whakamahia ngā PP kounga kai me ngā PP kounga hauora mō ngā hua e rite ana kipūnu. Te paipahe mea hanga ki te rauemi HDPE, ā, ko tengongo whakamātautauhe mea hanga i te nuinga o te wā ki te rauemi PP, PS rānei o te kounga hauora. He maha tonu ā mātou hua, e whakamahi ana i ngā rauemi rerekē, nā te mea hepokepokea aikaihanga, tata ki ngā hua kirihou katoa ka taea te whakaputa