Mō ngā mano tau, ko ngā taonga o te taiao anake ka taea e te tangata te whakamahi: te konganuku, te rakau, te rapa, te kapia… Heoi, i muri i te whānautanga o te tēnehi tēpu, ka kitea ohoreretia e te tangata mā te kaha o te matū pūmua, ka taea e tātou te kohikohi i ngā ngota waro i te hiahia me ngā ngota hauwai, ka hangaia he rauemi hou kāore anō kia kitea i mua i te Ao.
Ko te hangarau nitrocellulose hangai mō te hanga celluloid he taahiraa i roto i te whakawhiti o te hangarau kirihou mai i te 0 ki te 1, ā, ki te tirohanga o ēnei rā, he taahiraa iti noa iho tēnei i roto i te hikoi roa. I whakahaerehia e Hyatt he "tauhohenga whakarerekētanga" ki runga i ngā muka miro i whakarewaina ki te waikawa hauota, kia pakaru ai ēnei cellulose macromolecular me te whakarite anō i roto i tētahi huarahi hou, ā, kia whānau hou ai ngā muka tipu noa. whānau hou. Heoi, he polymer te cellulose tonu, ā, ko te celluloid anake ka hanga anō i te cellulose, ā, kāore e whakaputa cellulose i te taumata ngota. Kia ako tātou ki te whakahaere i ngā ngota, he aha te momo rauemi makutu ka riro mai i a tātou?

Kāore e roa te tatari. E whā tau noa iho i muri i te tūtakitanga tūpono a Hyatt ki te celluloid, i whakamahia e te tohunga matū Tiamana a Adolf von Baeyer te formaldehyde me te phenol hei hanga i tētahi kirihou hou: te kapia phenolic. I taua wā anō, i whakatuwheratia tētahi mara hou o te matū: te polymerization. I roto i te mara o te matū waro, ko te polymerization he momo makutu pango e huri ai te kōhatu hei koura. Ka whiria ngā ngota formaldehyde me ngā ngota phenol hei kupenga nui, ā, ka whānau mai he tangata nui kāore e taea te mōhio ki tōna matua, ki te formaldehyde, me tōna whaea, ki te phenol.te kapia henolic.

I roto i te ao ahumahi, ka kiia te kirihou kapia phenolic ko te "bakelite" nā te mea he ārai wera, he ārai-pūmau, he ātete hoki ki te pāmahana teitei. He rauemi pai rawa atu mō te hanga pana ārai wera, kia taea ai e koe te tahuri i ngā rama i ia rā, me te kore e manukanuka ki te ru hiko. Mai i te āhua mārama, he uaua ki te kite i te mīharo o tēnei hua: he ngota nui ia wahi o te bakelite, he ngota nui rawa hei pupuri i roto i te nikau o tō ringaringa!
Ki tā mātou titiro, he mea iti rawa te ngota ngota mai anō i ngā wā onamata. Kei roto i te pata wai he 1.67 × 1021 ngā ngota wai. Ko ngā rauemi mata o te kapia phenolic, te formaldehyde me te phenol, he ngota iti, kāore i te tino kitea, ko ngā taumaha ngota ngota he 30 me te 94, ia, engari ki te hiahia koe ki te pātai mō te taumaha ngota ngota o te kapia phenolic, me tuhi pea e koe he rua tekau, he toru tekau rānei ngā kore i muri i te 1.

He pai ake te kite i te kite atu. Ki te hiahia koe ki te wheako i te mana whakamataku o te tauhohenga polymerization, he pai ake te whakapau i te 10 hēkona ki te mātakitaki i te tauhohenga polymerization pahū i muri i te whakamahana i te p-nitroaniline me te waikawa whanariki kukū. Ko te otinga hawhe-peihana iti i te pikitia i te taha maui ka āta horapa me te paowa i muri i te whakamahana, ā, ka honoa ngā ngota p-nitroaniline ka polymerize i te tere tipu tere. Hei whakamutunga, ka pahū te puia i roto i te iti iho i te 1 hēkona, ā, ka tupu mai he rākau whakahīhī i te kore noa iho. Optimus Prime. Ahakoa he kaha te āhua o tēnei pou pōuri, he hanganga hautai pakari me te porous i hangaia e te p-nitroaniline sulfonate, ā, ka waiho hei pungarehu me te pēhi paku.

Nā te tauhohenga polymerization, i roto noa i ngā tekau tau torutoru, he maha ngā kirihou "poly" rongonui kua puta ake i roto i te umanga matū: polyamide, polyurethane, polyethylene, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, Polyester……
Āe? E mea ana koe kāore koe e mōhio ki ēnei ingoa tauhou? Kāore he aha, māku e whakamāori.
Polyamide (e mōhiotia ana ko te Nylon): I whakawhanakehia e DuPont i te tau 1930, ko te muka hangai tuatahi o te ao, kāore anō kia ekengia e ngā kaiwhakataetae mō te tata ki te 100 tau.

Polyethylene: Ko te kirihou e whakamahia nuitia ana i roto i te oranga o ia rā.

Polystyrene (e mōhiotia ana ko Poly Dragon): he mea nui mō ngā kai kawe me ngā kaikawe

Polypropylene: he ātete ki te wera tae atu ki te 140°C, kāore hoki e tauhohe ki ngā waikawa, ki ngā kawakore, me ngā tote, ā, koinei te kōwhiringa tuatahi mō ngā pouaka tina i roto i te ngaruiti.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (e mōhiotia ana ko Teflon): E mōhiotia ana ko te "Kīngi o ngā Kirihou", ka taea te mahi noa i roto i te awhe -180 ~ 250 ℃, ā, kāore e rewa i roto i ngā whakarewa katoa, ahakoa i roto i te wai regia kohua. Pania noa he paparanga angiangi ki raro o te paraharaha hei huri hei paraharaha kore-piri teitei.

Muka polyester (polyester): he ngāwari, he ātete ki ngā kita, kāore e rino, he ātete ki te harore, tata ki ngā kākahu katoa i hokona mai i te toa taonga he rite ki tēnei, inā koa ngā kākahu hākinakina.

Polyurethane: I whakahonoretia e Bayer i te tau 1937, he kaha teitei, he iti hoki te kawe wera, ā, he maha ngā wā e whakamahia ana hei whakamarumaru pakitara. Engari tera pea ka mōhio ake koe ki te pukapuka 0.01 mm i roto i tō oranga o ia rā.

Me i kī atu ahau ki a koe kāore e taea te wehe i te kai, te kākahu, te whare me te waka o te katoa i te kirihou, tera pea he tokomaha ka titiro mai ki ahau me ngā āhua whakamiharo. Ae, he nui rawa, he nui rawa hei kite, he nui rawa hei wareware, kei te noho tātou i roto i te ao kirihou i ia rā. Ka tunu kai tātou i roto i ngā kohua kirihou, ka kai i roto i ngā pouaka kirihou, ka inu i ngā pounamu kirihou, ka horoi i roto i ngā peihana kirihou, ka kaukau i roto i ngā kaukau kirihou, ka mau kākahu muka kirihou ki te haere ki waho, ka taraiwa i te 50% o ngā motuka kirihou ki te mahi, ka whakatuwhera i te pona kirihou, ka pato i tēnei tuhinga ki te papapātuhi kirihou — ā, kei te pānui koe i tēnei tuhinga me te wero i tō waea kirihou.
Tae noa mai ki tēnei wā, e mano tini ngā kirihou kua hangaia puta noa i te ao. Kāore e taea te tatau i ngā tau tika, ā, kāore he hiranga tatauranga, nā te mea he tekau, he rau rānei ngā kirihou hou e puta mai ana i ia tau, ā, i ia meneti me ia hēkona, ka whakapai ake ngā kaimahi R&D i te tauira me te tukanga hanga kirihou i roto i te taiwhanga. Mai i te tuatahi o ngā kirihou celluloid i hangaia nuitia, kua hanga e mātou he 7 piriona tāne o te kirihou, ā, mēnā ka hangaia hei taura, ka taea e ia te takai i te ao huri noa—he nui? Inaianei ka hangaia e mātou he 1 piriona tāne o te kirihou i ia 3 tau. Mō te umanga matū kirihou 140-tau te pakeke, he tīmatanga noa iho tēnei.
Ina ngaro te tangata, ka kitea e ngā kaipūtaiao whenua tauhou ngā tohu o tō tātou oranga i roto i ngā tuhinga whenua — ngā hanganga toka kirihou. Ka hanumi te kirihou ki ngā toka, te kirikiri, me ngā angaanga, ka totohu ki te moana hei maharatanga mutunga kore mō te whenua. Pērā i ngā putunga konupūmā waro i tohu i te wā Cretaceous me ngā kōiwi tawhito o ngā tainasoa i tohu i te wā Jurassic, i tohu tēnei hanganga toka kirihou i tētahi wā whenua hou: te Anthropocene. E whakapono ana te hunga tino pai ko te hanga kirihou he ahunga whakamua nui pērā i te keri rakau hei hanga ahi me te whakakanapa i ngā taputapu kohatu. E tohu ana tēnei kua mārama te tangata ki te āhua o te mea, ā, kei a rātou te kaha ki te pakaru i ngā here o te taiao me te hanga i tētahi ao hou kāore i kitea i mua; ko ētahi, e kino ana ki tēnei. Karangatia ko te "wehi mā", "te hanganga o te mate" me te "moemoeā kino tangata o te rautau 21".
Te hangarau i hanga i te pōro ping pong

He tohunga tā mātou kamupene ki te whakaritengā hua kirihou, kua 23 tau mātou e mahi ana ki ngā hua kirihou, ā, he rawaka rawaka ō mātou wheako